Guide to Foundation Cracks

Identifying and Addressing Foundation Cracks in Chattanooga

Foundation cracks are often a sign of potential foundation failure, which can pose risks to the structural integrity of your home. However, not all cracks require the same repair approach. Some may be superficial, while others demand immediate attention to prevent further damage. Recognizing the severity of foundation cracks and understanding the appropriate repair methods is crucial for maintaining the soundness of your property.

At United Structural Systems, we believe that informed homeowners make better decisions regarding the care and maintenance of their homes. That’s why we’ve created this guide to provide insight into foundation cracks and how to address them.

In addition to offering professional guidance, we provide a range of services to remedy foundation issues in Chattanooga. 

For personalized advice and solutions, we encourage you to schedule a free foundation repair inspection by calling us at (423) 592-7950 or contacting us online.

Understanding Foundation Cracks: Types, Causes, and When to Take Action

Foundation cracks can range from minor cosmetic concerns to signs of structural damage. While some cracks are expected as a home settles, others may indicate more serious issues that require professional attention. Having a contractor inspect your foundation can help determine the severity of the cracks and identify a practical course of action.

The four most common types of foundation cracks homeowners may encounter are:

• Vertical cracks: These cracks are often seen in newer and older homes and run straight up and down, sometimes within 30 degrees of vertical. They are typically caused by natural settling and may not always indicate structural damage. However, water intrusion is a potential concern, as these cracks can allow moisture to seep into your foundation.
• Stair-step cracks: Common in homes with brick, block, or masonry foundations, stair-step cracks follow the mortar joints in a zigzag pattern. These cracks can be a sign of foundation settlement. When they occur along mortar lines, they often point to serious structural concerns that need immediate attention.
• Horizontal cracks: Horizontal cracks can signal more severe problems, often caused by excessive pressure from saturated soil. Inadequate drainage systems and poor water management can lead to hydrostatic pressure, which pushes against foundation walls, causing them to bow or buckle. These cracks are a strong indicator of structural damage and should be addressed promptly to prevent further deterioration.
• Hairline, crazing, and shrinkage cracks: These small cracks are commonly found in newly poured concrete and result from the natural shrinking process as the concrete cures. While they usually aren’t a cause for concern, it’s essential to monitor these cracks for any changes in size. If they start to widen, having a professional inspect your foundation is a good idea.

Foundation cracks should never be ignored; early intervention can prevent costly repairs. If you're unsure about the severity of the cracks in your foundation, we recommend scheduling an inspection with our team.

Determining Whether a Foundation Crack Is Serious

Not all foundation cracks are created equal; some can be more serious than others. As a homeowner, knowing what to look for concerning foundation cracks is vital. Still, having a professional inspect any foundation cracks is always a good idea. We offer free assessments, so having a professional take a closer look at the issue comes with no risk.

Factors to assess when considering the severity of foundation cracks include:

• Size: Larger cracks usually signal more significant foundation shifts. If the crack is wide enough to insert a coin or your fingernail, it’s time to get it inspected.
• Depth: Surface cracks may not pose a serious threat, but deeper cracks compromise the structural integrity of your foundation and should be taken seriously.
• Number: A higher number of cracks often indicates a weaker foundation. If you're seeing multiple cracks, it’s crucial to have the issue addressed before it worsens.
• Location: Cracks in lower parts of your home, especially vertical or stair-step cracks, can signal foundation movement, which may require immediate attention.

The Difference Between Vertical and Horizontal Cracks

When comparing the types of foundation cracks, horizontal ones tend to be more concerning. Horizontal cracks often form due to excessive soil or hydrostatic pressure pushing against your foundation walls, causing them to bow or buckle. These cracks generally point to more severe foundation issues and should be addressed quickly.

On the other hand, vertical cracks are commonly a result of foundation settling and can usually be repaired more easily. However, they may indicate more significant problems, mainly if they are wide or extend deep into the foundation. 

Regardless of the type of crack, it's wise to consult with a professional to assess the severity and recommend a solution.

Other Warning Signs of Foundation Failure

Foundation problems don’t always show up as cracks alone. Additional signs around your home can indicate underlying foundation issues, especially when combined with visible cracks. 

Be on the lookout for the following:

• Doors and windows that stick or are difficult to open
• Gaps between the foundation walls and the soil
• Trim pulling away from windows or walls
• Uneven or sloping floors
• A fireplace that appears to be separating from the roofline
• Cracks around doors and windows
• Large cracks in drywall

If you notice any of these issues, along with foundation cracks, schedule an inspection as soon as possible.

Common Causes of Foundation Cracks

Understanding the root cause of foundation cracks can help you prevent further damage. 

Some of the most common causes include:

• Concrete shrinkage: During the curing process, the top layer of concrete dries quickly, which can lead to minor cracks. These are generally not a threat to your foundation’s strength.
• Foundation settlement: Settlement occurs when the soil beneath your home compresses or shifts. Expansive soils, soil washout from heavy rainfall (common in Chattanooga), and poorly compacted fill soil can all lead to settlement and foundation cracking.
• Soil pressure and hydrostatic pressure: Excessive pressure from water-saturated soil can push against foundation walls, causing them to bow or buckle, which leads to horizontal or diagonal cracks.
• Construction issues: Weak concrete, undersized footings, or improper reinforcement during construction can contribute to foundation cracking.